PACE Measures
We are happy to share these measures as we want them to be widely used! Please keep us updated on your uses of the measures, including any conference presentations, dissertations/theses or publications. If you’re willing to collaborate or share data with us, please visit our contact page and send us a message.
Additionally, if you are planning to use any of our measures in another language please let us know. At a minimum, the measures need to be translated and back translated for our review. If you would like to collaborate around cultural adaptations please contact us.
Our Measures
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Traditional PACEs
The original "yes/no" 10-items, for adults to retrospectively assess protective experiences before the age of 18
Current PACEs
An adult self-report likert scale assessing frequency and duration of PACEs in the last year
Lifespan PACEs
A caregiver-report assessing frequency and duration of each PACE throughout childhood and adolescence
PACEs in the ABCD Study
A likert-scale assessing frequency and duration of each PACE in the last year - not available yet
Other Measures Frequently Used With Our PACEs Work:
Traditional ACEs
The original 10-items assessed by Dr.'s Felitti and Anda
Felitti, V.J., Anda, R.F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D.F., Spitz, A.M., Edwards, V., & Marks, J.S. (1998) Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. American Journal for Preventative Medicine, 14(3), 387-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
A validated measure to assess positive and negative attributes, with 5 subscales
Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
Selected Publications using PACEs in other research labs:
Schmitz, N., Aafjes-van Doorn, K., & Békés, V. (2024) Current uses and contributions of the Protective and Compensatory Experiences (PACEs) measure: A scoping review. Trauma Care, 4, 229-248. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare4030021
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Armans, M., Addante, S., Ciciolla, L., Anderson, M., & Shreffler, K. M. (2020). Resilience during pregnancy: How early life experiences are associated with pregnancy-specific stress. Adversity and resilience science, 1, 295-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-020-00017-3
Korb, K. A., & Bahago, C. L. (2018). Protective experiences that foster resiliency among Nigerian young adults. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Psychology, 7, 65-71.
Lamson, A., Richardson, N., & Cobb, E. (2020). The health and readiness of service members: ACEs to PACEs. Military medicine, 185(Supplement_1), 348-354. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz197
Moody, R. L., Carter, J. A., Talan, A., Sizemore, K. M., Russell, S. T., & Rendina, H. J. (2023). Associations of adverse and protective childhood experiences with thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicide risk among sexual minority men. Psychological medicine, 53(12), 5615-5624.
Richardson, N. M., Lamson, A. L., Schoemann, A. M., Cobb, E., & Renze, T. (2023). Exploring the protective experiences of those who “protect and serve”: A psychometric evaluation of Protective and Compensatory Experiences Survey within a military sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 15(S2), S297. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722002823
Ronis, S., Guyon-Harris, K. L., Burkhart, K., Gabriel, M., Cipolla, K., Riggs, J. L., & Huth-Bocks, A. (2023). Profiles of Early Childhood Adversity in an urban pediatric clinic: Implications for pediatric primary care. Children, 10(6), 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10061023
Shreffler, K. M., Joachims, C. N., Ciciolla, L., Croff, J. M., & Anderson, M. (2022). Maternal Adverse and Protective Childhood Experiences and Prenatal Smoking. Health Behavior Research, 5(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.4148/2572-1836.1126
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